Cybersecurity Tutorials

The previous article in this series treated $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] and friends as “attacker-controlled territory” and moved on. That’s the right operational answer, but it hides an interesting question: how does a request actually reach your PHP handler in the first place, and which layer decides that Host: attacker.com becomes $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] = "attacker.com" in your process? ...

I keep telling new hunters that PHP isn’t a bad language. It’s a language with a few defaults that will eat your lunch if you don’t understand them. After spending most of 2024 and 2025 reviewing WordPress plugin code for paying clients, I’m comfortable saying that roughly half of every PHP CVE I read traces back to three things: ==, $_REQUEST, and the rules PHP uses to convert one type into another. ...

Most of the WordPress, Joomla, and plugin bugs that hit my inbox last year had the same root cause: somebody wrote PHP without understanding how PHP handles types, sessions, or file paths. If you can’t read the buggy code, you can’t write a working exploit. And you definitely can’t tell the customer how to patch it. ...

LLMNR (Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution) and NBT-NS (NetBIOS Name Service) are legacy name resolution protocols that attackers exploit to capture credentials through poisoning attacks. When a Windows client can’t resolve a hostname via DNS, it falls back to broadcasting LLMNR and NBT-NS queries across the network — and attackers respond with malicious answers, capturing authentication attempts. Tools like Responder and Inveigh make this attack trivial, turning misconfigured name resolution into domain compromise. This guide shows how to disable LLMNR and NBT-NS via Group Policy, with registry paths, PowerShell verification, testing procedures, and complete rollback instructions for Windows 11 and Server 2025 environments. ...

SMBv1 should have died in 2017 when WannaCry ransomware exploited the EternalBlue vulnerability (MS17-010) to infect 300,000+ Windows systems worldwide in 72 hours. Yet five years later, most enterprise environments still have SMBv1 enabled by default — not because they need it, but because it’s legacy technical debt that “works” and nobody wants to break file shares. This guide shows how to disable SMBv1 on Windows Server safely: audit current usage, migrate dependencies to modern SMBv2/v3, remove the protocol entirely, and verify compliance across the fleet. ...

ASREProasting is the lesser-known sibling of Kerberoasting, but it’s just as dangerous and significantly harder to detect. Unlike Kerberoasting, which requires authenticated access to request service tickets, ASREProasting exploits accounts with Kerberos pre-authentication disabled — allowing attackers to request encrypted AS-REP responses for any user without knowing their password. These encrypted responses can be cracked offline to recover plaintext credentials. This guide builds comprehensive ASREProasting detection in Splunk: the Event 4768 query patterns that identify AS-REQ abuse, accounts vulnerable to ASREProasting, volume anomalies, and the Splunk dashboards that turn authentication logs into actionable threat intelligence. ...

Kerberoasting is the technique every red team uses and every blue team underdetects. An attacker requests Kerberos TGS (Ticket Granting Service) tickets for service accounts, then cracks the encrypted portion offline to recover plaintext passwords. The attack leaves Event 4769 footprints on Domain Controllers that most SOCs ignore — and that’s exactly what makes Kerberoasting so effective in real breaches. This guide builds comprehensive Kerberoasting detection in Splunk: the Event 4769 query patterns that catch RC4 encryption abuse, service account targeting, volume anomalies, and the Splunk dashboards that turn raw Kerberos logs into actionable security intelligence. ...

If your environment still runs Active Directory Federation Services (ADFS) — and most large enterprises that adopted federation between 2015 and 2020 still do — you are sitting on the single highest-value target in your identity stack. An attacker who extracts the ADFS token-signing certificate can mint SAML tokens for any user, including domain admins, with no further AD interaction and no Kerberos or NTLM tickets to detect. That class of attack is Golden SAML, and it’s exactly what hit SolarWinds-era victims in 2020. This is the practical ADFS security hardening guide for 2026: rotating signing certificates, auditing claim rules, enforcing Extranet Lockout, blocking the mimikatz / ADFSDump extraction path, and the migration path to Microsoft Entra ID for the eventual decommission. ...

A honeypot is a security resource whose value lies entirely in being attacked. It looks like a legitimate target — a database, an admin account, a file share, a misconfigured cloud key — but in reality it has no legitimate users, no real data, and one job: when someone touches it, raise an alarm. The first interaction is the alarm, and that’s why honeypots routinely deliver detection in minutes for techniques that signature-based EDR misses entirely. This guide answers what is a computer honeypot in 2026, walks through the practical taxonomy (low- vs high-interaction, production vs research), and shows the deployment patterns and SIEM integration that actually catch attackers rather than wasting blue-team time. ...

If an attacker compromises a single endpoint in your environment and finds a reused local Administrator password, they own every other workstation that shares it. That single misconfiguration is how a phishing click on one helpdesk laptop becomes a 4,000-endpoint ransomware incident — and it’s exactly what Windows LAPS (Local Administrator Password Solution) was built to prevent. This is the complete step-by-step Windows LAPS implementation guide for enterprise environments in 2026: AD schema preparation, KDS root key generation, encrypted password storage, Group Policy reference, PowerShell administration, and the full DSRM password backup workflow for Domain Controllers. ...